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- 访问量: 932
- 日志数: 15
- 建立时间: 2008-02-15
- 更新时间: 2008-05-31
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禁用USB
2008-5-31
前几天见个朋友问禁用USB的方法，也忘了是哪个朋友了，不好意思了，这里说下，不是软件了，是本人自己以前收集的了，可以禁用USB的。
方法1在BIOS中禁用，在advance chip setting里，关闭USB ON BOARD选项，可以通过debug
，放电，或者软件等方法破解BIOS密码。
方法2权限，如果计算机上尚未安装USB存储设备，向用户或组分配对%systemRoot%\inf\usbstor.pnf和%systemRoot%\inf\usbstor。inf两个文件的“拒绝权限”。
方法3如果计算机上已安装过USB设备，请打开注册表HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CURRENTCONTROLSET\SERVICES\USBSTOR注册表项中的“start”值设置为4
在说个让U盘只能读取的方法，打开注册表定位到HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CURRENTCONTROLSET\CONTROL\STORAGEDERICEPOLICIES.然后在右侧窗口新建一个名为writeprotect的dword值，并将值设置为1即可。
有软件的人就不说了，没软件的朋友可以用这些方法的了。希望对大家有些帮助了，不知道这个方法版主给加精不加啊，呵呵 -
配置JDK的过程
2008-4-10
首先了解什么是环境变量吧:
什么是环境变量？
什么是环境变量，这个问题有很多初学电脑的朋友都不是很清楚，我在网上搜了一下也没有得到
什么表较满意的答案。所以我以自已对环境变的理解在这里给大家解释一下。
关于环境变量没有很确切的定义，这里就先举一个例子吧：
打开“开始->运行”，在对话框里输入“calc”并回车,看看是不是打开了“计算器”，或者在“命令提示符”中输入“calc”并回车，看看是不是也打开了“计算器”。现在我们进入
“C:\Windows\System32”目录,看看里面是不是有一个名为“calc.exe”的文件，在看看里面别的可执行文件：
mspaint.exe为画图程序,notepad.exe为记事本程序。你在“运行”或“命令提示符”中分别输入
“mspaint”和“notepad”是不是又打开了“画图”和“记事本”呢。
现在我们在“运行”和“命令提示符”中输入“qq”并回车，能打开QQ吗？并没有，而是提示“windows找不到程序qq”和“'qq' 不是内部或批处理文件。”。
要怎样才能打开QQ呢？我的QQ是安装在“C:\Program Files\Tencent\QQ”这个目录里的。现在我们在“运行”里输入“cmd”并回车，在打开的“命令提示符中”输入“cd C:\Program
Files\Tencent\QQ”,这个命令的作用是进入QQ的安装目录，现在我们就可以输入“qq”并回车直接打开QQ
了。
为什么我们输入“calc”、“mspaint”和“notepad”就可以直接打开对应的程序，而打开QQ就必须进入QQ的安装目录才行呢？现在我们就来看看这其中的关键环节。右击“我的电脑”选择“属性”，
切换到“高级”选项卡，单其中的“环境变量”，在“系统变量”中我们看到一个名为“path”的变量，
我们双击打开它看到它的变量值为“C:\Program Files\Rockwell Software\RSCommon;%SystemRoot%
\system32;%SystemRoot%;%SystemRoot%\System32\Wbem;C:\Program Files\Common Files\Autodesk
Shared\;”。这个变量值是用“;”分开的一些目录，其中我们可以看到“%SystemRoot%\System32”目录
，其中的“%SystemRoot%”指的是系统盘下的“Windows”目录，如果系统装在C盘，那这个目录其实就是
“C:\Windows\System32”，而我们先前讲的“calc.exe”、“mspaint.exe”和“notepad.exe”都在
“C:\Windows\System32”这个目录中，而在“path”的变量值中我们没有找到“C:\Program
Files\Tencent\QQ”，现在你就知道开始举的例子是为什么了吧。
现在我们就对“path”这个变量的值修改一下，在它的变量值的最后加上“;C:\ProgramFiles\Tencent\QQ”，然后一路点击确定返回到桌面。注意在加上的那个目录前有一个“;”，因为要和
前面的那个目录分开。好了，大功告成了，现要你在“运行”和“命令提示符”里的任何目录中输入“qq
”,就都可以方便的打开QQ了。
例子讲完了，其实什么是环境变量，也就不言而知了。拜拜！快去试一下吧1:下载JDK1.4.2.05,并安装到C盘的根目录下
2:在我的电脑à属性à环境变量à系统变量下，新增JAVA_HOME系统变量，如下图所示（注意：变量值为jdk安装的实际路径）
变量值: c:\j2se1.5.0_6 注:此路径是你jdk的安装路径
然后编辑系统变量path;
变量名: path
变量值: ;%java_home%\bin; 注:在原来值的基础上加
新建用户变量
变量名: classpath
变量值: c:\j2se1.5.0_6\lib\tools.jar ;
点击确定
编写一个简单的java实例来测试一下
public class helloworld
{
public static void main(string args[])
{
system.out.println("恭喜你,jdk已经配置成功");
}
}
把文件另存为c:\下 在命令提示符下输入cmd然后再输入
c:\javac c:\helloworld.java
如果命令提示窗口没有任何反映那么表示编译成功,javac会在c盘下生成一个helloworld.class的文件,叫类文件
然后执行这个类文件 在命令提示符下输入
c:\java helloworld
命令提示符窗口出现
恭喜你,jdk已经配置成功
应该注意的是 . 和 ; 是容易弄错的 不要忘了加 -
JAVA的特点
2008-3-25
JAVA的最大特点就是跨平台性。那么什么是平台呢？所谓平台就是软件的运行环境，比如说：Windows操作系统、Linux操作系统、手机操作系统等。所以学习JAVA最大的好处是可以专注程序本身，而不用考虑运行环境。原则上可以达到一次编译到处运行。 另外，JAVA在企业级应用上有很大的市场。因为JAVA的开源项目很多，在实际开发项目时，可以找到大量的源码供您应用。
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一个国外软件测试高手云集的论坛
2008-3-05
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英语学习网站
2008-3-05
国内主要英语学习网站
普特英语听力 http://www.putclub.com
BBC中国 http://www.bbc.co.uk/china
Shanghai daily http://www.shanghaidaily.com
英美主要商业网站
商业周刊 http://www.businessweek.com
中文刊 http://www.businessweekchina.com
哈佛商业评论 http://www.hbr.com
经济学家 http://www.enconomist.com
企业家 http://www.entrepreneur.com
金融时报 http://www.ft.com
Stanford商学院 http://www.gsb.stanford.edu
Harvard商学院 http://www.hbs.edu
沃顿商学院 http://www.wharton.upenn.edu
科学美国人 http://www.sciam.com
美国主要杂志
时代周刊 http://www.time.com
时尚 http://www.style.com/vogue/index.html
国家地理杂志 http://www.nationalgeographic.com
人物 http://people.aol.com/people/index.html
美国新闻报道 http://www.usnews.com
读者文摘 http://www.rd.com
体育画报 http://sportsillustrated.snn.com
美国周末 http://www.usaweekend.com
美国主要报纸
洛杉矶时报 http://www.latimes.com
华尔街日报评论 http://www.opinionjournal.com
巴尔的摩太阳报 http://www.baltimoresun.com
华盛顿邮报 http://www.washingtonpost.com
华尔街日报 http://www.wsj.com
新闻周刊 http://www.newsweekly.com
基督教科学箴言报 http://www.csmonitor.com
先驱日报 http://hjnews.townnews.com
路透社 http://today.reuters.com/new/home.aspx
纽约每日新闻 http://www.nydailynews/home.aspx
远东经济评论 http://www.feer.com
国际先驱论坛报 http://www.iht.com
美国快报 http://home.americanexpress.com
芝加哥论坛报 http://www.chicagotribune.com
华盛顿新闻报 http://www.newsday.com
商业日报 http://www.joc.com
华盛顿每日新闻 http://www.wdnweb.com
美国主要媒体
全美广播电台 http://www.npr.org
Fox http://www.fox.com/home.htm
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QA英语面试题
2008-3-05
QA常见面试问题答与问(English)
Interview questions on WinRunner
- How you used WinRunner in your project? - Yes, I have been using WinRunner for creating automated scrīpts for GUI, functional and regression testing of the AUT.
- Explain WinRunner testing process? - WinRunner testing process involves six main stages
- Create GUI Map File so that WinRunner can recognize the GUI objects in the application being tested
- Create test scrīpts by recording, programming, or a combination of both. While recording tests, insert checkpoints where you want to check the response of the application being tested.
- Debug Test: run tests in Debug mode to make sure they run smoothly
- Run Tests: run tests in Verify mode to test your application.
- View Results: determines the success or failure of the tests.
- Report Defects: If a test run fails due to a defect in the application being tested, you can report information about the defect directly from the Test Results window.
- What is contained in the GUI map? - WinRunner stores information it learns about a window or object in a GUI Map. When WinRunner runs a test, it uses the GUI map to locate objects. It reads an object.s descrīption in the GUI map and then looks for an object with the same properties in the application being tested. Each of these objects in the GUI Map file will be having a logical name and a physical descrīption. There are 2 types of GUI Map files. Global GUI Map file: a single GUI Map file for the entire application. GUI Map File per Test: WinRunner automatically creates a GUI Map file for each test created.
- How does WinRunner recognize objects on the application? - WinRunner uses the GUI Map file to recognize objects on the application. When WinRunner runs a test, it uses the GUI map to locate objects. It reads an object.s descrīption in the GUI map and then looks for an object with the same properties in the application being tested.
- Have you created test scrīpts and what is contained in the test scrīpts? - Yes I have created test scrīpts. It contains the statement in Mercury Interactive.s Test scrīpt Language (TSL). These statements appear as a test scrīpt in a test window. You can then enhance your recorded test scrīpt, either by typing in additional TSL functions and programming elements or by using WinRunner.s visual programming tool, the Function Generator.
- How does WinRunner evaluate test results? - Following each test run, WinRunner displays the results in a report. The report details all the major events that occurred during the run, such as checkpoints, error messages, system messages, or user messages. If mismatches are detected at checkpoints during the test run, you can view the expected results and the actual results from the Test Results window.
- Have you performed debugging of the scrīpts? - Yes, I have performed debugging of scrīpts. We can debug the scrīpt by executing the scrīpt in the debug mode. We can also debug scrīpt using the Step, Step Into, Step out functionalities provided by the WinRunner.
- How do you run your test scrīpts? - We run tests in Verify mode to test your application. Each time WinRunner encounters a checkpoint in the test scrīpt, it compares the current data of the application being tested to the expected data captured earlier. If any mismatches are found, WinRunner captures them as actual results.
- How do you analyze results and report the defects? - Following each test run, WinRunner displays the results in a report. The report details all the major events that occurred during the run, such as checkpoints, error messages, system messages, or user messages. If mismatches are detected at checkpoints during the test run, you can view the expected results and the actual results from the Test Results window. If a test run fails due to a defect in the application being tested, you can report information about the defect directly from the Test Results window. This information is sent via e-mail to the quality assurance manager, who tracks the defect until it is fixed.
- What is the use of Test Director software? - TestDirector is Mercury Interactive.s software test management tool. It helps quality assurance personnel plan and organize the testing process. With TestDirector you can create a database of manual and automated tests, build test cycles, run tests, and report and track defects. You can also create reports and graphs to help review the progress of planning tests, running tests, and tracking defects before a software release.
- Have you integrated your automated scrīpts from TestDirector? - When you work with WinRunner, you can choose to save your tests directly to your TestDirector database or while creating a test case in the TestDirector we can specify whether the scrīpt in automated or manual. And if it is automated scrīpt then TestDirector will build a skeleton for the scrīpt that can be later modified into one which could be used to test the AUT.
- What are the different modes of recording? - There are two type of recording in WinRunner. Context Sensitive recording records the operations you perform on your application by identifying Graphical User Interface (GUI) objects. Analog recording records keyboard input, mouse clicks, and the precise x- and y-coordinates traveled by the mouse pointer across the screen.
- What is the purpose of loading WinRunner Add-Ins? - Add-Ins are used in WinRunner to load functions specific to the particular add-in to the memory. While creating a scrīpt only those functions in the add-in selected will be listed in the function generator and while executing the scrīpt only those functions in the loaded add-in will be executed else WinRunner will give an error message saying it does not recognize the function.
- What are the reasons that WinRunner fails to identify an object on the GUI? - WinRunner fails to identify an object in a GUI due to various reasons. The object is not a standard windows object. If the browser used is not compatible with the WinRunner version, GUI Map Editor will not be able to learn any of the objects displayed in the browser window.
- What is meant by the logical name of the object? - An object.s logical name is determined by its class. In most cases, the logical name is the label that appears on an object.
- If the object does not have a name then what will be the logical name? - If the object does not have a name then the logical name could be the attached text.
- What is the different between GUI map and GUI map files? - The GUI map is actually the sum of one or more GUI map files. There are two modes for organizing GUI map files. Global GUI Map file: a single GUI Map file for the entire application. GUI Map File per Test: WinRunner automatically creates a GUI Map file for each test created. GUI Map file is a file which contains the windows and the objects learned by the WinRunner with its logical name and their physical descrīption.
- How do you view the contents of the GUI map? - GUI Map editor displays the content of a GUI Map. We can invoke GUI Map Editor from the Tools Menu in WinRunner. The GUI Map Editor displays the various GUI Map files created and the windows and objects learned in to them with their logical name and physical descrīption.
- When you create GUI map do you record all the objects of specific objects? - If we are learning a window then WinRunner automatically learns all the objects in the window else we will we identifying those object, which are to be learned in a window, since we will be working with only those objects while creating scrīpts.
LoadRunner interview questions- What is load testing? - Load testing is to test that if the application works fine with the loads that result from large number of simultaneous users, transactions and to determine weather it can handle peak usage periods.
- What is Performance testing? - Timing for both read and update transactions should be gathered to determine whether system functions are being performed in an acceptable timeframe. This should be done standalone and then in a multi user environment to determine the effect of multiple transactions on the timing of a single transaction.
- Did u use LoadRunner? What version? - Yes. Version 7.2.
- Explain the Load testing process? -
Step 1: Planning the test. Here, we develop a clearly defined test plan to ensure the test scenarios we develop will accomplish load-testing objectives. Step 2: Creating Vusers. Here, we create Vuser scrīpts that contain tasks performed by each Vuser, tasks performed by Vusers as a whole, and tasks measured as transactions. Step 3: Creating the scenario. A scenario describes the events that occur during a testing session. It includes a list of machines, scrīpts, and Vusers that run during the scenario. We create scenarios using LoadRunner Controller. We can create manual scenarios as well as goal-oriented scenarios. In manual scenarios, we define the number of Vusers, the load generator machines, and percentage of Vusers to be assigned to each scrīpt. For web tests, we may create a goal-oriented scenario where we define the goal that our test has to achieve. LoadRunner automatically builds a scenario for us. Step 4: Running the scenario.
We emulate load on the server by instructing multiple Vusers to perform tasks simultaneously. Before the testing, we set the scenario configuration and scheduling. We can run the entire scenario, Vuser groups, or individual Vusers. Step 5: Monitoring the scenario.
We monitor scenario execution using the LoadRunner online runtime, transaction, system resource, Web resource, Web server resource, Web application server resource, database server resource, network delay, streaming media resource, firewall server resource, ERP server resource, and Java performance monitors. Step 6: Analyzing test results. During scenario execution, LoadRunner records the performance of the application under different loads. We use LoadRunner.s graphs and reports to analyze the application.s performance. - When do you do load and performance Testing? - We perform load testing once we are done with interface (GUI) testing. Modern system architectures are large and complex. Whereas single user testing primarily on functionality and user interface of a system component, application testing focuses on performance and reliability of an entire system. For example, a typical application-testing scenario might depict 1000 users logging in simultaneously to a system. This gives rise to issues such as what is the response time of the system, does it crash, will it go with different software applications and platforms, can it hold so many hundreds and thousands of users, etc. This is when we set do load and performance testing.
- What are the components of LoadRunner? - The components of LoadRunner are The Virtual User Generator, Controller, and the Agent process, LoadRunner Analysis and Monitoring, LoadRunner Books Online.
- What Component of LoadRunner would you use to record a scrīpt? - The Virtual User Generator (VuGen) component is used to record a scrīpt. It enables you to develop Vuser scrīpts for a variety of application types and communication protocols.
- What Component of LoadRunner would you use to play Back the scrīpt in multi user mode? - The Controller component is used to playback the scrīpt in multi-user mode. This is done during a scenario run where a vuser scrīpt is executed by a number of vusers in a group.
- What is a rendezvous point? - You insert rendezvous pointsinto Vuser scrīpts to emulate heavy user load on the server. Rendezvous pointsinstruct Vusers to wait during test execution for multiple Vusers to arrive at a certain point, in order that they may simultaneously perform a task. For example, to emulate peak load on the bank server, you can insert a rendezvous point instructing 100 Vusers to deposit cash into their accounts at the same time.
- What is a scenario? - A scenario defines the events that occur during each testing session. For example, a scenario defines and controls the number of users to emulate, the actions to be performed, and the machines on which the virtual users run their emulations.
- Explain the recording mode for web Vuser scrīpt? - We use VuGen to develop a Vuser scrīpt by recording a user performing typical business processes on a client application. VuGen creates the scrīpt by recording the activity between the client and the server. For example, in web based applications, VuGen monitors the client end of the database and traces all the requests sent to, and received from, the database server. We use VuGen to: Monitor the communication between the application and the server; Generate the required function calls; and Insert the generated function calls into a Vuser scrīpt.
- Why do you create parameters? - Parameters are like scrīpt variables. They are used to vary input to the server and to emulate real users. Different sets of data are sent to the server each time the scrīpt is run. Better simulate the usage model for more accurate testing from the Controller; one scrīpt can emulate many different users on the system.
- What is correlation? Explain the difference between automatic correlation and manual correlation? - Correlation is used to obtain data which are unique for each run of the scrīpt and which are generated by nested queries. Correlation provides the value to avoid errors arising out of duplicate values and also optimizing the code (to avoid nested queries). Automatic correlation is where we set some rules for correlation. It can be application server specific. Here values are replaced by data which are created by these rules. In manual correlation, the value we want to correlate is scanned and create correlation is used to correlate.
- How do you find out where correlation is required? Give few examples from your projects? - Two ways:First we can scan for correlations, and see the list of values which can becorrelated. From this we can pick a value to be correlated. Secondly, we can record two scrīpts and compare them. We can look up the difference file to see for the values which needed to be correlated. In my project, there was a unique id developed for each customer, it was nothing but Insurance Number, it was generated automatically and it was sequential and this value was unique. I had to correlate this value, in order to avoid errors while running my scrīpt. I did using scan for correlation.
- Where do you set automatic correlation options? - Automatic correlation from web point of view can be set in recording options and correlation tab. Here we can enable correlation for the entire scrīpt and choose either issue online messages or offline actions, where we can define rules for that correlation. Automatic correlation for database can be done using show output window and scan for correlation and picking the correlate query tab and choose which query value we want to correlate. If we know the specific value to be correlated, we just do create correlation for the value and specify how the value to be created.
- What is a function to capture dynamic values in the web Vuser scrīpt? - Web_reg_save_param function saves dynamic data information to a parameter.
- When do you disable log in Virtual User Generator, When do you choose standard and extended logs? - Once we debug our scrīpt and verify that it is functional, we can enable logging for errors only. When we add a scrīpt to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled.Standard Log Option:When you select
Standard log, it creates a standard log of functions and messages sent during scrīpt execution to use for debugging. Disable this option for large load testing scenarios. When you copy a scrīpt to a scenario, logging is automatically disabledExtended Log Option: Select
extended log to create an extended log, including warnings and other messages. Disable this option for large load testing scenarios. When you copy a scrīpt to a scenario, logging is automatically disabled. We can specify which additional information should be added to the extended log using the Extended log options. - How do you debug a LoadRunner scrīpt? - VuGen contains two options to help debug Vuser scrīpts-the Run Step by Step command and breakpoints. The Debug settings in the Options dialog box allow us to determine the extent of the trace to be performed during scenario execution. The debug information is written to the Output window. We can manually set the message class within your scrīpt using the lr_set_debug_message function. This is useful if we want to receive debug information about a small section of the scrīpt only.
- How do you write user defined functions in LR? Give me few functions you wrote in your previous project? - Before we create the User Defined functions we need to create the external
library (DLL) with the function. We add this library to VuGen bin directory. Once the library is added then we assign user defined function as a parameter. The function should have the following format: __declspec (dllexport) char* <function name>(char*, char*)Examples of user defined functions are as follows:GetVersion, GetCurrentTime, GetPltform are some of the user defined functions used in my earlier project. - What are the changes you can make in run-time settings? - The Run Time Settings that we make are: a) Pacing - It has iteration count. b) Log - Under this we have Disable Logging Standard Log and c) Extended Think Time - In think time we have two options like Ignore think time and Replay think time. d) General - Under general tab we can set the vusers as process or as multithreading and whether each step as a transaction.
- Where do you set Iteration for Vuser testing? - We set Iterations in the Run Time Settings of the VuGen. The navigation for this is Run time settings, Pacing tab, set number of iterations.
- How do you perform functional testing under load? - Functionality under load can be tested by running several Vusers concurrently. By increasing the amount of Vusers, we can determine how much load the server can sustain.
- What is Ramp up? How do you set this? - This option is used to gradually increase the amount of Vusers/load on the server. An initial value is set and a value to wait between intervals can be
specified. To set Ramp Up, go to ‘Scenario Scheduling Options’ - What is the advantage of running the Vuser as thread? - VuGen provides the facility to use multithreading. This enables more Vusers to be run per
generator. If the Vuser is run as a process, the same driver program is loaded into memory for each Vuser, thus taking up a large amount of memory. This limits the number of Vusers that can be run on a single
generator. If the Vuser is run as a thread, only one instance of the driver program is loaded into memory for the given number of
Vusers (say 100). Each thread shares the memory of the parent driver program, thus enabling more Vusers to be run per generator. - If you want to stop the execution of your scrīpt on error, how do you do that? - The lr_abort function aborts the execution of a Vuser scrīpt. It instructs the Vuser to stop executing the Actions section, execute the vuser_end section and end the execution. This function is useful when you need to manually abort a scrīpt execution as a result of a specific error condition. When you end a scrīpt using this function, the Vuser is assigned the status "Stopped". For this to take effect, we have to first uncheck the .Continue on error. option in Run-Time Settings.
- What is the relation between Response Time and Throughput? - The Throughput graph shows the amount of data in bytes that the Vusers received from the server in a second. When we compare this with the transaction response time, we will notice that as throughput decreased, the response time also decreased. Similarly, the peak throughput and highest response time would occur approximately at the same time.
- Explain the Configuration of your systems? - The configuration of our systems refers to that of the client machines on which we run the Vusers. The configuration of any client machine includes its hardware settings, memory, operating system, software applications, development tools, etc. This system component configuration should match with the overall system configuration that would include the network infrastructure, the web server, the database server, and any other components that go with this larger system so as to achieve the load testing objectives.
- How do you identify the performance bottlenecks? - Performance Bottlenecks can be detected by using monitors. These monitors might be application server monitors, web server monitors, database server monitors and network monitors. They help in finding out the troubled area in our scenario which causes increased response time. The measurements made are usually performance response time, throughput, hits/sec, network delay graphs, etc.
- If web server, database and Network are all fine where could be the problem? - The problem could be in the system itself or in the application server or in the code written for the application.
- How did you find web server related issues? - Using Web resource monitors we can find the performance of web servers. Using these monitors we can analyze throughput on the web server, number of hits per second that
occurred during scenario, the number of http responses per second, the number of downloaded pages per second. - How did you find database related issues? - By running .Database. monitor and help of .Data Resource Graph. we can find database related issues. E.g. You can specify the resource you want to measure on before running the controller and than you can see database related issues
- Explain all the web recording options?
- What is the difference between Overlay graph and Correlate graph? - Overlay Graph: It overlay the content of two graphs that shares a common x-axis. Left Y-axis on the merged graph show.s the current graph.s value & Right Y-axis show the value of Y-axis of the graph that was merged. Correlate Graph: Plot the Y-axis of two graphs against each other. The active graph.s Y-axis becomes X-axis of merged graph. Y-axis of the graph that was merged becomes merged graph.s Y-axis.
- How did you plan the Load? What are the Criteria? - Load test is planned to decide the number of users, what kind of machines we are going to use and from where they are run. It is based on 2 important documents, Task Distribution Diagram and Transaction profile. Task Distribution Diagram gives us the information on number of users for a particular transaction and the time of the load. The peak usage and off-usage are decided from this Diagram. Transaction profile gives us the information about the transactions name and their priority levels with regard to the scenario we are deciding.
- What does vuser_init action contain? - Vuser_init action contains procedures to login to a server.
- What does vuser_end action contain? - Vuser_end section contains log off procedures.
- What is think time? How do you change the threshold? - Think time is the time that a real user waits between actions. Example: When a user receives data from a server, the user may wait several seconds to review the data before responding. This delay is known as the think time. Changing the Threshold: Threshold level is the level below which the recorded think time will be ignored. The default value is five (5) seconds. We can change the think time threshold in the Recording options of the Vugen.
- What is the difference between standard log and extended log? - The standard log sends a subset of functions and messages sent during scrīpt execution to a log. The subset depends on the Vuser type Extended log sends a detailed scrīpt execution messages to the output log. This is mainly used during debugging when we want information about: Parameter substitution. Data returned by the server. Advanced trace.
- Explain the following functions: - lr_debug_message - The lr_debug_message function sends a debug message to the output log when the specified message class is set. lr_output_message - The lr_output_message function sends notifications to the Controller Output window and the Vuser log file. lr_error_message - The lr_error_message function sends an error message to the LoadRunner Output window. lrd_stmt - The lrd_stmt function associates a character string (usually a SQL statement) with a cursor. This function sets a SQL statement to be processed. lrd_fetch - The lrd_fetch function fetches the next row from the result set.
- Throughput - If the throughput scales upward as time progresses and the number of Vusers increase, this indicates that the bandwidth is sufficient. If the graphwere to remain relatively flat as the number of Vusers increased, it would
be reasonable to conclude that the bandwidth is constraining the volume of
data delivered. - Types of Goals in Goal-Oriented Scenario - Load Runner provides you with five different types of goals in a goal oriented scenario:
- The number of concurrent Vusers
- The number of hits per second
- The number of transactions per second
- The number of pages per minute
- The transaction response time that you want your scenario
- Analysis Scenario (Bottlenecks): In Running Vuser graph correlated with the response time graph you can see that as the number of Vusers increases, the average response time of the check itinerary transaction very gradually increases. In other words, the average response time steadily increases as the load
increases. At 56 Vusers, there is a sudden, sharp increase in the average response
time. We say that the test broke the server. That is the mean time before failure (MTBF). The response time clearly began to degrade when there were more than 56 Vusers running simultaneously. - What is correlation? Explain the difference between automatic correlation and manual correlation? - Correlation is used to obtain data which are unique for each run of the scrīpt and which are generated by nested queries. Correlation provides the value to avoid errors arising out of duplicate values and also optimizing the code (to avoid nested queries). Automatic correlation is where we set some rules for correlation. It can be application server specific.Here values are replaced by data which are created by these rules. In manual correlation, the value we want to correlate is scanned and create correlation is used to correlate.
- Where do you set automatic correlation options? - Automatic correlation from web point of view, can be set in recording options and correlation tab. Here we can enable correlation for the entire scrīpt and choose either issue online messages or offline actions, where we can define rules for that correlation. Automatic correlation for database, can be done using show output window and scan for correlation and picking the correlate query tab and choose which query value we want to correlate. If we know the specific value to be correlated, we just do create correlation for the value and specify how the value to be created.
- What is a function to capture dynamic values in the web vuser scrīpt? - Web_reg_save_param function saves dynamic data information to a parameter.
Software tester (SQA) interview questionsThese questions are used for software tester or SQA (Software Quality Assurance) positions. Refer to The Real World of Software Testing for more information in the field.
- The top management was feeling that when there are any changes in the technology being used, development schedules etc, it was a waste of time to update the Test Plan. Instead, they were emphasizing that you should put your time into testing than working on the test plan. Your Project Manager asked for your opinion. You have argued that Test Plan is very important and you need to update your test plan from time to time. It’s not a waste of time and testing activities would be more effective when you have your plan clear. Use some metrics. How you would support your argument to have the test plan consistently updated all the time.
- The QAI is starting a project to put the CSTE certification online. They will use an automated process for recording candidate information, scheduling candidates for exams, keeping track of results and sending out certificates. Write a brief test plan for this new project.
- The project had a very high cost of testing. After going in detail, someone found out that the testers are spending their time on software that doesn’t have too many defects. How will you make sure that this is correct?
- What are the disadvantages of overtesting?
- What happens to the test plan if the application has a functionality not mentioned in the requirements?
- You are given two scenarios to test. Scenario 1 has only one terminal for entry and processing whereas scenario 2 has several terminals where the data input can be made. Assuming that the processing work is the same, what would be the specific tests that you would perform in Scenario 2, which you would not carry on Scenario 1?
- Your customer does not have experience in writing Acceptance Test Plan. How will you do that in coordination with customer? What will be the contents of Acceptance Test Plan?
- How do you know when to stop testing?
- What can you do if the requirements are changing continuously?
- What is the need for Test Planning?
- What are the various status reports you will generate to Developers and Senior Management?
- Define and explain any three aspects of code review?
- Why do you need test planning?
- Explain 5 risks in an e-commerce project. Identify the personnel that must be involved in the risk analysis of a project and describe their duties. How will you prioritize the risks?
- What are the various status reports that you need generate for Developers and Senior Management?
- You have been asked to design a Defect Tracking system. Think about the fields you would specify in the defect tracking system?
- Write a sample Test Policy?
- Explain the various types of testing after arranging them in a chronological order?
- Explain what test tools you will need for client-server testing and why?
- Explain what test tools you will need for Web app testing and why?
- Explain pros and cons of testing done development team and testing by an independent team?
- Differentiate Validation and Verification?
- Explain Stress, Load and Performance testing?
- Describe automated capture/playback tools and list their benefits?
- How can software QA processes be implemented without stifling productivity?
- How is testing affected by object-oriented designs?
- What is extreme programming and what does it have to do with testing?
- Write a test transaction for a scenario where 6.2% of tax deduction for the first $62,000 of income has to be done?
- What would be the Test Objective for Unit Testing? What are the quality measurements to assure that unit testing is complete?
- Prepare a checklist for the developers on Unit Testing before the application comes to testing department.
- Draw a pictorial diagram of a report you would create for developers to determine project status.
- Draw a pictorial diagram of a report you would create for users and management to determine project status.
- What 3 tools would you purchase for your company for use in testing? Justify the need?
- Put the following concepts, put them in order, and provide a brief descrīption of each:
- system testing
- acceptance testing
- unit testing
- integration testing
- benefits realization testing
- What are two primary goals of testing?
- If your company is going to conduct a review meeting, who should be on the review committe and why?
- Write any three attributes which will impact the Testing Process?
- What activity is done in Acceptance Testing, which is not done in System testing?
- You are a tester for testing a large system. The system data model is very large with many attributes and there are a lot of inter-dependencies within the fields. What steps would you use to test the system and also what are the effects of the steps you have taken on the test plan?
- Explain and provide examples for the following black box techniques?
- Boundary Value testing
- Equivalence testing
- Error Guessing
- What are the product standards for?
- Test Plan
- Test scrīpt and Test Report
- You are the test manager starting on system testing. The development team says that due to a change in the requirements, they will be able to deliver the system for SQA 5 days past the deadline. You cannot change the resources (work hours, days, or test tools). What steps will you take to be able to finish the testing in time?
- Your company is about to roll out an e-commerce application. It’s not possible to test the application on all types of browsers on all platforms and operating systems. What steps would you take in the testing environment to reduce the business risks and commercial risks?
- In your organization, testers are delivering code for system testing without performing unit testing. Give an example of test policy:
- Policy statement
- Methodology
- Measurement
- Testers in your organization are performing tests on the deliverables even after significant defects have been found. This has resulted in unnecessary testing of little value, because re-testing needs to be done after defects have been rectified. You are going to update the test plan with recommendations on when to halt testing. Wwhat recommendations are you going to make?
- How do you measure:
- Test Effectiveness
- Test Efficiency
- You found out the senior testers are making more mistakes then junior testers; you need to communicate this aspect to the senior tester. Also, you don’t want to lose this tester. How should one go about constructive criticism?
- You are assigned to be the test lead for a new program that will automate take-offs and landings at an airport. How would you write a test strategy for this new program?
-
测试活动
2008-2-22
测试申请书(开发部经理)---指定测试负责人(测试部经理)-----编写测试计划(负责人)----设计测试用例(负责人)----审批(测试部经理)如通过----搭建测试环境(负责人)-----执行测试(负责人)-----提交BUG及跟踪(负责人)----编写测试报告(测试人员)-----审批(测试部测试) -
web扫盲专题之入门概念
2008-2-20
1. http协议
除了TCP/IP协议，http可以说是最重要，且使用最多的网络协议了。本节简要介绍一下http协议的工作原理。
假设现在有一个html文件:http.html, 存放在Web服务器上，其URL为www.myweb.com/http.html ,文件内容为:
HTML 代码:
<html>
<head>
<title>http.html</title>
</head>
<body>
hello, http
</body>
</html>
现在，一个用户通过IE访问该地址，IE首先将此地址的域名通过DNS转换为一个IP地址，然后通过一个Web服务器开放的端口（默认为80，不为80需在域名后加上“:端口号”，例如www.myweb.com:81）与其连接, 然后传送一个类似这样的http请求（使用flashget等下载软件下载文件时，在详细信息里也可以看到类似的信息）:
GET /http.html HTTP/1.1
Host: www.myweb.com
Accept: */*
User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE.6.0; Windows NT 5.1)
Pragma: no-cache
Cache-Control: no-cache
Connection: close
[空行]
请求的第一行为请求内容, 表示通过GET方法向服务器请求资源，/http.html为请求资源名称，HTTP/1.1 表示使用http协议，版本1.1。然后接下来的几行称为请求信息的标头(header)，其中描述了请求的一些其他信息，比如客户端浏览器标识等。最后一个空行表示请求结束。
当Web服务器接收到该请求时，服务器检查所请求的资源是否有效，且是否有相应的权限。如果没有问题，则服务器会传回类似如下的http响应信息:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: Microsoft-IIS/5.0
Date: Thursday, March 31, 2005 17:15:23 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 88
[空行]
<html>
<head>
<title>http.html</title>
</head>
<body>
hello, http
</body>
</html>
其中第一行的“200”是一个状态码，表示服务器成功完成该请求，如果不成功会返回其他状态码。Content-Type表示返回的数据类型，Content-Length表示返回的数据长度。空行表示标头结束，下面则是浏览器根据请求返回的数据内容，这里是http.html的文件内容，浏览器解析html源代码，将Web页面呈现给用户，到这里就完成了一次成功的http通信。
以上内容是Web通信的基础，就和Windows消息机制一样，你可能不会用到它，但是你必须了解它，你得知道那些高级的东西隐藏了哪些低级的内容，这样对你理解和使用那些高级的东西都有非常大的帮助:)。
2. html form
前面的http.html文件是一个最简单的静态html页面，但作为一个Web程序，它实在是太简陋了，它不接受用户输入，永远显示一样的内容。我们需要能够根据用户输入来返回相应的数据。
看下面的html代码:
<html>
<head>
<title>form.html</title>
</head>
<body>
<form method=”get”>
<input type=”text” name=”p” />
<input type=”submit” value=”submit” />
</form>
</body>
</html>
观察这段代码，其中有一个html form，其内容包括在<form>和</form>之间, 其中有一个提交按钮(<input type=”submit” value=”submit” />)，当用户点击该按钮时，浏览器将html form中的所有输入提交给Web服务器，form标签的method属性指定了提交的方式，这里为get，这个get对应http请求中的GET请求方法,form中的输入均以查询字符串的方式附加在URL上, 在文本框里输入一个字符串，比如“form”，然后观察浏览器的地址栏,会变成类似 http://www.myweb.com/form.html?p=form ，这是因为浏览器发出了这样的GET请求:
GET /form.html?p=form HTTP/1.1
...
...
[空行]
假如<form>标签的method属性为”post”,即令浏览器使用post方法发送该请求，当使用post方法时，用户的输入并不是通过URL来传输的，而是浏览器将内容放在POST请求的标头之后发送给Web服务器的:
POST /form.html HTTP/1.1
...
...
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 6
[空行]
p=form
浏览器将用户输入使用GET或者POST方法发送给Web服务器，这个过程称为“回发(Postback)”。这个概念相当重要，在Web应用程序中经常涉及到回发。 -
第七章:软件构件与中间件