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- 访问量: 315
- 日志数: 11
- 图片数: 1
- 建立时间: 2006-12-29
- 更新时间: 2008-08-26
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需求跟踪矩阵与需求双向跟踪
2008-8-26
刚刚接触CMMI的人在研究Requirement Management这个PA的时候，对SP 1.4 Maintain Bidirectional Traceability of Requirements可能会比较疑惑，足以让国内大多数的没有真正软件工程开发管理的软件工程师，开发管理者不知所云了。
所谓的&ldquoTraceability of Requirements&rdquo即&ldquo需求跟踪矩阵（Requirements Traceability Matrix）&rdquo，用比较通俗的话来说，就是不要将需求遗漏了，虽然听来简单，但是真正能够实施此活动的并不多，通常来做的多为 &ldquo纵向跟踪（Vertical traceability）&rdquo，也即生命周期内的跟踪，再说的明白一点就是沿着&ldquo用户需求――软件需求――概要设计――详细设计――编码实现――单元测试――集成测试――集成测试――系统测试――验收测试&rdquo进行需求的跟踪。
What is bidirectional traceability?
In the Requirements Management (REQM) process area, specific practice 1.4 states, ?Maintain bidirectional traceability among the requirements and the project plans and work products.? Bidirectional traceability primarily applies to vertical traceability and at a minimum needs to be implemented both forward and backward (i.e., from requirements to end products and from end product back to requirements).
Vertical traceability identifies the origin of items (e.g., customer needs) and follows these same items as they travel through the hierarchy of the Work Breakdown Structure to the project teams and eventually to the customer. When the requirements are managed well, traceability can be established from the source requirement to its lower level requirements and from the lower level requirements back to their source. Such bidirectional traceability helps determine that all source requirements have been completely addressed and that all lower level requirements can be traced to a valid source.
Horizontal traceability is also important and is mentioned in subpractice 3, but it is not required to satisfy bidirectional traceability. Horizontal traceability identifies the relationships among related items across work groups or product components for the purpose of avoiding potential conflicts. It enables the project to anticipate potential problems (and mitigate or solve them) before integration testing. For example, horizontal traceability would follow related requirements across two work groups working on two associated components of a product. The traceability across these two work groups enables the work groups to see when and how a change in a requirement for one of the components may affect the other component. Thus, horizontal traceability enables the project to anticipate potential problems (and mitigate or solve them) before integration testing.
纵向跟踪是最普遍的一种跟踪方式，也是CMMI进行SCAMPI最低要求。即针对此PA，或者说这个SP，做到纵向跟踪后，一般的主任评估师就认为已经满足条件了，可以打及格分数了。
CMMI V1.1版本中的要求是：RM SP 1.4 Maintain Bi-directional Traceability of Requirements.
其具体要求是：Maintain bi-directional traceability among the requirements and the project plans and work products.
CMMI V1.2版本中的要求是：RM SP 1.4 Maintain Bi-directional Traceability of Requirements.
其具体要求是：Maintain bidirectional traceability among the requirements and work products.
大家从描述上就能看到区别了。
《CMMI® Version 1.2 and Beyond》中的描述如下：
v1.2 SP 1.4 practice statement now reads, &ldquoMaintain bidirectional traceability among the requirements and work products.&rdquoProject plans are no longer mentioned in this SP statement.
Bidirectional Traceability descrīption is improved in the notes and Glossary.
这个也证明了SEI发现了此SP的描述或者要求和实际的有出入，难以执行；但是为什么呢？
其实大家在google上搜索一下关键字&ldquobidirectional traceability &rdquo就会发现很多的资料在解释&ldquobidirectional traceability &rdquo，即所谓的&ldquoVertical
traceability &rdquo和&ldquoHorizontal traceability &rdquo时，概念并不统一，而且对于&ldquoVertical
traceability &rdquo和&ldquoHorizontal traceability &rdquo的概念解释甚至是相反的。
话说了这么多，其实归根到底的原因是：什么是&ldquo横向跟踪&rdquo（Horizontal traceability ）？
SEI的Tim Kasse（CMMI模型制定者之一）在其著作《Practical Insight into CMMI》中曾经对&ldquo横向跟踪&rdquo（Horizontal traceability ）进行了如下解释：
Horizontal traceability refers to the traceability from the requirements to the associated plans such as the project plan, quality assurance plan, Configuration Management plan, risk management plan, and so forth.
即横向跟踪是需求到计划的跟踪。
文章链接:http://bbs.51testing.com/viewthread.php?tid=74646 -
奥运男篮：China VS Spain
2008-8-13
相信大多数篮球迷都看了昨晚China vs Spain的比赛了！
比赛一度让我感觉赢Spain有戏，前三节三分雨下的很好，大致昨晚也确实打得不错！
可是中国队后卫上的短缺永远都是块心病，前场包夹失误立马增多的场景都见怪不怪了！
可是中国在内线应该还是有一定的优势的，实际情况却是：
姚明被Gasol打爆了，太空易状态低迷，原本被人寄予厚望的2个点都歇菜了！这样的比赛还能赢么？
尤纳斯最后的换人固然有问题，可是姚明，太空易也应该对这场失利负责！
不管怎样，这场比赛至少打出了自己的风格。这点值得欣慰！自家球队，能力再差还得继续顶......
中国队加油......
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还有一个星期就离职了
2008-8-08
天下无不散之筵席，工作也是一样!
还有一个星期就离开现在这家公司了，心中平添了几分不舍！
在这里我逐渐成长起来，学习了很多东西，大家相处的非常开心，合作的非常好！
真心的希望在我离开后，你们各位工作顺利，每天开心面对生活！
大家不妨都来谈谈你离职时的心里是怎么想的呢？
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Windows平台下调用制定打印机
2008-6-04
Windows CE平台下使用CreateDC获取打印机dc，
HDC CreateDC( LPCTSTR lpszDriver, // driver name LPCTSTR lpszDevice, // device name LPCTSTR lpszOutput, // not used; should be NULL CONST DEVMODE* lpInitData // optional printer data );
一般最后一个参数是要设置的，如
HDC dc = CreateDC(TEXT("XXX.dll"), TEXT("XXXX"), TEXT("XXX Build-In"), (DEVMODE *)(&lpdevmodew));而windows下，If "lpszDriver” is DISPLAY, then lpInitData must be NULL. The display device's current DEVMODE is used.
dc = CreateDC(TEXT("打印机驱动,XXX.dll"),TEXT("打印机列表中的特定打印机名"), NULL, NULL);我原想把CE平台下的打印功能移植到Windows下,就因为最后一个参数的问题,别的基本可以照搬了，还有打印时需要的DOCINO结构也要填完整的，不然也会出错。MSDN还是要认真看才行啊，不能一扫而过哦！
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二进制基础
2007-7-02
二进制数
在计算机中的数是用二进制数表示的，它的特点是逢2进1，因此在二进制中，只有0和1两个数字符号。它和十进制的对应关系如右表所示：
二进制
十进制 八进制 十六进制
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
10
2
2
2
11
3
3
3
100
4
4
4
101
5
5
5
110
6
6
6
111
7
7
7
1000
8
10
8
1001
9
11
9
1010
10
12
A
1011
11
13
B
1100
12
14
C
1101
13
15
D
1110
14
16
E
1111
15
17
F
10000
16
20
10
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MY Play in the Dinner Party.
2007-1-23
2006 is leaving us forever.
I have joined XAC for serveral months. And our commpany members will have a supper together at the end of last year. Our dept will perform a play for others of our commpany.
At this dinner party,our dept decided to send me to sing a song and Tallen(new guy of our dept),Fredy,Sword and Herman will dance with my music.To tell the truth,it's hard to look on our dancing.But all of us feel very happy to show it to other colleagues and our boss!
The song I'll sing is called "情瘤感菌",it looks different.I thinks we all act well.
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Introduction about SD members.
2006-12-29
I have been an employee of XAC for several months.
I joined the SD of XAC in SZ in the 08/28/06 as a SW Testing Engineer after i graduated from Jiangsu University of Technology in ZhenJiang city.
I was fresh to SD members of XACSZ before Tallen joined our department several days ago. There are seven members in our dept, and they are Herman, Sword, Rose, Emily, Fredy,Tallen and I.
Herman is a middle age man who is from MuDu of SZ. Herman has a very nice family, and he has a very beautiful daughter whose name is Yingying.
Sword is new people of SZ,and his hometown is same to me, and we are all from north of Suqian city of Jiangsu. As a new father, he is very glad to tell us much interesting things about his little baby daughter. And Emily become a mother 8 monther ago. Her husband and her gave birth to their daugnter. Emily and her husband are all graduate students.
Yes,there are Fredy and Rose,Tallen and I.
Fredy has a abundant of experience of working in Guangzhou and Jiangsu.He has a seven years old son. And his son is a very handsome boy. Now Fredy is going to buy a house for his family in SZ. It will cost too much to us common civilians. BTW, I also want to buy a house in SZ too. But i don't have enough money to do that. Maybe i will buy a house for myself and my honey song two years later.
Rose is a very smart girl in our dept. And she has a excellent work behavīor. She and Emily are the only two graduate students in our SD team.
Tallen is a new man here, I don't know much about him. And I feel that he is a good boy. Although im too. hehe.
