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标题: python中requests库使用方法详解 [打印本页]

作者: Mario洁    时间: 2018-4-20 11:46
标题: python中requests库使用方法详解
一、什么是Requests

Requests 是⽤ython语⾔编写,基于urllib,采⽤Apache2 Licensed开源协议的 HTTP 库。它⽐ urllib 更加⽅便,
可以节约我们⼤量的⼯作,完全满⾜HTTP测试需求。

⼀句话——Python实现的简单易⽤的HTTP库

二、安装Requests库

进入命令行win+R执行

命令:pip install requests

项目导入:import requests

三、各种请求方式

直接上代码,不明白可以查看我的urllib的基本使用方法

  1. import requests
  2. requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post')
  3. requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put')
  4. requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
  5. requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
  6. requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')
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这么多请求方式,都有什么含义,所以问下度娘:

GET: 请求指定的页面信息,并返回实体主体。
HEAD: 只请求页面的首部。
POST: 请求服务器接受所指定的文档作为对所标识的URI的新的从属实体。
PUT: 从客户端向服务器传送的数据取代指定的文档的内容。
DELETE: 请求服务器删除指定的页面。
get 和 post比较常见 GET请求将提交的数据放置在HTTP请求协议头中
POST提交的数据则放在实体数据中
(1)、基本的GET请求

  1. import requests

  2. response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
  3. print(response.text)
  4. 返回值:

  5. {
  6.   "args": {},
  7.   "headers": {
  8.     "Accept": "*/*",
  9.     "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
  10.     "Connection": "close",
  11.     "Host": "httpbin.org",
  12.     "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
  13.   },
  14.   "origin": "183.64.61.29",
  15.   "url": "http://httpbin.org/get"
  16. }
  17. (2)、带参数的GET请求

  18. 将name和age传进去

  19. import requests
  20. response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22")
  21. print(response.text)
  22. {
  23.   "args": {
  24.     "age": "22",
  25.     "name": "germey"
  26.   },
  27.   "headers": {
  28.     "Accept": "*/*",
  29.     "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
  30.     "Connection": "close",
  31.     "Host": "httpbin.org",
  32.     "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
  33.   },
  34.   "origin": "183.64.61.29",
  35.   "url": "http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22"
  36. }
  37. 或者使用params的方法:

  38. import requests

  39. data = {
  40. 'name': 'germey',
  41. 'age': 22
  42. }
  43. response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=data)
  44. print(response.text)
  45. 返回值一样

  46. (3)、解析json

  47. 将返回值已json的形式展示:

  48. import requests
  49. import json

  50. response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")
  51. print(type(response.text))
  52. print(response.json())
  53. print(json.loads(response.text))
  54. print(type(response.json()))
  55. 返回值:

  56. <class 'str'>
  57. {'args': {}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Connection': 'close', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.4'}, 'origin': '183.64.61.29', 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get'}
  58. {'args': {}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Connection': 'close', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.4'}, 'origin': '183.64.61.29', 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get'}
  59. <class 'dict'>
  60. (4)、获取二进制数据

  61. 记住返回值.content就ok了

  62. import requests

  63. response = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico")
  64. print(type(response.text), type(response.content))
  65. print(response.text)
  66. print(response.content)
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返回值为二进制不必再进行展示,

(5)、添加headers

有些网站访问时必须带有浏览器等信息,如果不传入headers就会报错,如下

  1. import requests

  2. response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore")
  3. print(response.text)
  4. 返回值:

  5. <html><body><h1>500 Server Error</h1>
  6. An internal server error occured.
  7. </body></html>
  8. 当传入headers时:

  9. import requests

  10. headers = {
  11. 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'
  12. }
  13. response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore", headers=headers)
  14. print(response.text)
复制代码

成功返回网页源代码不做展示

(6)、基本POST请求

不明白见我博文urllib的使用方法

  1. import requests

  2. data = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'}
  3. response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data)
  4. print(response.text)
  5. 返回:

  6. {
  7.   "args": {},
  8.   "data": "",
  9.   "files": {},
  10.   "form": {
  11.     "age": "22",
  12.     "name": "germey"
  13.   },
  14.   "headers": {
  15.     "Accept": "*/*",
  16.     "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
  17.     "Connection": "close",
  18.     "Content-Length": "18",
  19.     "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
  20.     "Host": "httpbin.org",
  21.     "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
  22.   },
  23.   "json": null,
  24.   "origin": "183.64.61.29",
  25.   "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
  26. }
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三、响应

response属性

  1. import requests

  2. response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
  3. print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code)
  4. print(type(response.headers), response.headers)
  5. print(type(response.cookies), response.cookies)
  6. print(type(response.url), response.url)
  7. print(type(response.history), response.history)
  8. return:

  9. <class 'int'> 200
  10. <class 'requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict'> {'Date': 'Thu, 01 Feb 2018 20:47:08 GMT', 'Server': 'Tengine', 'Content-Type': 'text/html; charset=utf-8', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked', 'X-Frame-Options': 'DENY', 'X-XSS-Protection': '1; mode=block', 'X-Content-Type-Options': 'nosniff', 'ETag': 'W/"9f70e869e7cce214b6e9d90f4ceaa53d"', 'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0, private, must-revalidate', 'Set-Cookie': 'locale=zh-CN; path=/', 'X-Request-Id': '366f4cba-8414-4841-bfe2-792aeb8cf302', 'X-Runtime': '0.008350', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'X-Via': '1.1 gjf22:8 (Cdn Cache Server V2.0), 1.1 PSzqstdx2ps251:10 (Cdn Cache Server V2.0)', 'Connection': 'keep-alive'}
  11. <class 'requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar'> <RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie locale=zh-CN for www.jianshu.com/>]>
  12. <class 'str'> https://www.jianshu.com/
  13. <class 'list'> [<Response [301]>]
  14. 状态码判断:常见的网页状态码:

  15. 100: ('continue',),
  16. 101: ('switching_protocols',),
  17. 102: ('processing',),
  18. 103: ('checkpoint',),
  19. 122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
  20. 200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
  21. 201: ('created',),
  22. 202: ('accepted',),
  23. 203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
  24. 204: ('no_content',),
  25. 205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
  26. 206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
  27. 207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
  28. 208: ('already_reported',),
  29. 226: ('im_used',),

  30. # Redirection.
  31. 300: ('multiple_choices',),
  32. 301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
  33. 302: ('found',),
  34. 303: ('see_other', 'other'),
  35. 304: ('not_modified',),
  36. 305: ('use_proxy',),
  37. 306: ('switch_proxy',),
  38. 307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
  39. 308: ('permanent_redirect',
  40. 'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0

  41. # Client Error.
  42. 400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
  43. 401: ('unauthorized',),
  44. 402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
  45. 403: ('forbidden',),
  46. 404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
  47. 405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
  48. 406: ('not_acceptable',),
  49. 407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
  50. 408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
  51. 409: ('conflict',),
  52. 410: ('gone',),
  53. 411: ('length_required',),
  54. 412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
  55. 413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
  56. 414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
  57. 415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
  58. 416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
  59. 417: ('expectation_failed',),
  60. 418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
  61. 421: ('misdirected_request',),
  62. 422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
  63. 423: ('locked',),
  64. 424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
  65. 425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
  66. 426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
  67. 428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
  68. 429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
  69. 431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
  70. 444: ('no_response', 'none'),
  71. 449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
  72. 450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
  73. 451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
  74. 499: ('client_closed_request',),

  75. # Server Error.
  76. 500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
  77. 501: ('not_implemented',),
  78. 502: ('bad_gateway',),
  79. 503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
  80. 504: ('gateway_timeout',),
  81. 505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
  82. 506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
  83. 507: ('insufficient_storage',),
  84. 509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
  85. 510: ('not_extended',),
  86. 511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
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作者: Mario洁    时间: 2018-4-20 11:47

四、高级操作

(1)、文件上传

使用 Requests 模块,上传文件也是如此简单的,文件的类型会自动进行处理:

实例:

import requests

files = {'file': open('cookie.txt', 'rb')}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", files=files)
print(response.text)
这是通过测试网站做的一个测试,返回值如下:

{
"args": {},
"data": "",
"files": {
"file": "#LWP-Cookies-2.0\r\nSet-Cookie3: BAIDUID=\"D2B4E137DE67E271D87F03A8A15DC459:FG=1\"; path=\"/\"; domain=\".baidu.com\"; path_spec; domain_dot; expires=\"2086-02-13 11:15:12Z\"; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: BIDUPSID=D2B4E137DE67E271D87F03A8A15DC459; path=\"/\"; domain=\".baidu.com\"; path_spec; domain_dot; expires=\"2086-02-13 11:15:12Z\"; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: H_PS_PSSID=25641_1465_21087_17001_22159; path=\"/\"; domain=\".baidu.com\"; path_spec; domain_dot; discard; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: PSTM=1516953672; path=\"/\"; domain=\".baidu.com\"; path_spec; domain_dot; expires=\"2086-02-13 11:15:12Z\"; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: BDSVRTM=0; path=\"/\"; domain=\"www.baidu.com\"; path_spec; discard; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: BD_HOME=0; path=\"/\"; domain=\"www.baidu.com\"; path_spec; discard; version=0\r\n"
},
"form": {},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Content-Length": "909",
"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=84835f570cfa44da8f4a062b097cad49",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "183.64.61.29",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

(2)、获取cookie

当需要cookie时,直接调用response.cookieresponse为请求后的返回值)

import requests

response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com")
print(response.cookies)
for key, value in response.cookies.items():
print(key + '=' + value)

输出结果:

<RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]>
BDORZ=27315
(3)、会话维持、模拟登陆

如果某个响应中包含一些Cookie,你可以快速访问它们:

import requests

r = requests.get('http://www.google.com.hk/')
print(r.cookies['NID'])
print(tuple(r.cookies))

要想发送你的cookies到服务器,可以使用 cookies 参数:

import requests

url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
cookies = {'testCookies_1': 'Hello_Python3', 'testCookies_2': 'Hello_Requests'}
# 在Cookie Version 0中规定空格、方括号、圆括号、等于号、逗号、双引号、斜杠、问号、@,冒号,分号等
特殊符号都不能作为Cookie的内容。
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
print(r.json())
(4)、证书验证

因为12306有一个错误证书,我们那它的网站做测试会出现下面的情况,证书不是官方证书,浏览器会识别出
一个错误

import requests

response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')
print(response.status_code)
返回值:





怎么正常进入这样的网站了,代码如下:

import requests
from requests.packages import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings()
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', verify=False)
print(response.status_code)
将verify设置位False即可,返回的状态码为200


urllib3.disable_warnings()这条命令主要用于消除警告信息

(5)、代理设置

在进行爬虫爬取时,有时候爬虫会被服务器给屏蔽掉,这时采用的方法主要有降低访问时间,通过代理ip访问,
如下:

import requests

proxies = {
"http": "http://127.0.0.1:9743",
"https": "https://127.0.0.1:9743",
}


response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)
ip可以从网上抓取,或者某宝购买

如果代理需要设置账户名和密码,只需要将字典更改为如下:
proxies = {
"http":"http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9999"
}
如果你的代理是通过sokces这种方式则需要pip install "requests[socks]"
proxies= {
"http":"socks5://127.0.0.1:9999",
"https":"sockes5://127.0.0.1:8888"
}

(6)、超时设置

访问有些网站时可能会超时,这时设置好timeout就可以解决这个问题

import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
try:
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
print('Timeout')

正常访问,状态吗返回200

(7)、认证设置

如果碰到需要认证的网站可以通过requests.auth模块实现

import requests

from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

response = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=HTTPBasicAuth("user","123"))
print(response.status_code)
当然这里还有一种方式

import requests

response = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=("user","123"))
print(response.status_code)
(8)、异常处理

遇到网络问题(如:DNS查询失败、拒绝连接等)时,Requests会抛出一个ConnectionError 异常。

遇到罕见的无效HTTP响应时,Requests则会抛出一个 HTTPError 异常。

若请求超时,则抛出一个 Timeout 异常。

若请求超过了设定的最大重定向次数,则会抛出一个 TooManyRedirects 异常。

所有Requests显式抛出的异常都继承自 requests.exceptions.RequestException 。
作者: ltyt16    时间: 2018-5-1 20:47
最近准备学习用python来做自动化接口测试,多谢分享




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